科学的な議論の世界において、データと数学的方程式の表現は中心的な役割を担っています。これらの要素の読み方と解釈のニュアンスを習得することは、正確なコミュニケーションを促進するだけでなく、手元の主題への深い理解を育むこともあります。本記事では、科学研究と教育の進歩の基石として立つスキルである、科学英語でのデータと方程式の標準化された読み方に焦点を当てて探求します。
ここでは基本的な数値の読み方、四則演算の読み方、および数学関数の読み方など、数に関連する表現について紹介します。
数値の表現 - Expression of numbers
整数 - integer
- 「thousand, hundred」は複数形にしない
| $540$ | five hundred and forty |
| $3,420$ | three thousand four hundred and twenty |
小数 - decimal, fractional number
- 小数点：a decimal point
- 「0」の読み方：zero, oh, nought, naught
|
$54.01$
|
fifty-four point zero one |
| fifty-four point oh one | |
|
$0.31$
|
zero point three one |
| oh point three one |
分数 - fraction
- 分子：numerator
- 分母：denominator
- 特殊な読み方以外は「分母は序数」
- 分子が1以外は分母の序数は複数形
| $\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}$ | a half |
| $\displaystyle\frac{1}{3}$ | a third |
| $\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}$ | a quarter |
| $\displaystyle\frac{1}{5}$ | one-fifth |
| $\displaystyle\frac{3}{4}$ | three quarters |
| $\displaystyle\frac{3}{7}$ | three sevenths |
| $3\displaystyle\frac{2}{7}$ | three and two sevenths |
| $\displaystyle\frac{A}{B}$ | $A$ over $B$ |
比率 - ratio
パーセント - percentage
| $43\%$ | four-three percent |
| $120\%$ | one hundred twenty percent |
比 - ratio
| $2:3$ | two to three |
| $3:4:5$ | three to four to five |
演算式の表現 - Expression of operations
四則演算 - arithmetic operations, basic arithmetic
加算 - addition
- $+$：plus
| $3+4$ | three plus four |
|
BにAを加える。($B+A$)
|
We Add A to B. |
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$3+4=7$
|
Three plus four equals seven. |
| Three plus four is equal to seven. | |
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$x^2+x-2=0$
|
$x$ squared plus $x$ minus two equals oh. |
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$3x+4y=7$
|
Three times $x$ plus four times $y$ equals seven. |
減算 - subtraction
- $-$：minus
| $8-5$ | eight minus five |
| BからAを引く。 ($B-A$) | We subtract A from B. |
乗算 - multiplication
- $\times$：times , multiplied by
|
$5\times3$
|
five times three |
| five multiplied by three | |
| five three | |
| AにBを掛ける。 ($A\times B$) | We multiply A by B. |
除算 - division
- $÷ $：divided by
| $6÷4$ | six divided by four |
| AをBで割る。($A÷B$) | We divide A by B. |
指数 - index, exponent
平方 - square
| $3^2$ | three squared |
| $x^2$ | $x$ squared |
立方 - cube
| $3^3$ | three cubed |
| $x^3$ | $x$ cubed |
$n$乗 - to the power of $n$ , to the $n$th power
|
$5^4$
|
five to the power four |
| five to the fourth power | |
| five to the power of four | |
| five raised to the power of four | |
| $x^4$ | $x$ to the four |
| $(x^3)^2$ | $x$ cubed all squared |
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$x^{-1}$
|
$x$ to the power minus one |
| $x$ to the minus one | |
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$\displaystyle x^{\frac{m}{n}}$
|
$x$ to the power $m$ over $n$ |
平方根 - square root
|
$\sqrt{3}$
|
the square root of three |
| square root three | |
| the root of three | |
| root three | |
| $\sqrt{x^5}$ | the square root of x to the power five |
| $\sqrt{x^6} = x^3$ | The square root of $x^6$ is $x^3$. |
| The square root of $x$ to the power of 6 is $x$ to the power of three. | |
| The square root of $x^6$ means $x^3$. |
3乗根 - cube root
| $\sqrt[3]{8}$ | the cube root of eight |
| $\sqrt[3]{x^6}$ | the cube root of $x$ to the power six |
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$\sqrt[3]{x^6}=x^2$
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The cube root of $x^6$ is $x^2$ |
|
The cube root of $x$ to the power six is $x$ to the power two.
|
$n$方根 - $n$th root
| $\sqrt[4]{16}$ | the fourth root of sixteen |
| $\sqrt[n]{x^m}$ | the n-th root of $x$ to the power m |
対数 - logarithm
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$\log_{10} 3$
|
log to the base ten of three |
| log three to the base ten | |
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$\log_e 3$
|
log to the base $e$ of three |
| log three to the base $e$ | |
| natural log of three | |
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$\ln x$
|
natural logarithm of $x$ |
| natural log of $x$ |
三角関数 - trigonometric functions, trigonometry
| $\sin x$ | sine $x$ |
| $\cos x$ | cosine $x$ |
| $\tan x$ | tangent $x$ |
| $\csc x$ | cosecant $x$ |
| $\sec x$ | secant $x$ |
| $\cot x$ | cotangent $x$ |
| $\arcsin x$ | arcsine $x$ |
| $\arccos x$ | arccosine $x$ |
| $\arctan x$ | arctangent $x$ |
| $\sinh x$ | hyperbolic sine $x$ |
| $\cosh x$ | hyperbolic cosine $x$ |
| $\tanh x$ | hyperbolic tangent $x$ |
数式の大小表現 - Expression of inequality
等式 - equation
| $x=1$ | $x$ equals one. |
| $\alpha =0$ | $\alpha$ equals zero. |
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$2x-3y=7$
|
Two times $x$ minus three times $y$ equals seven. |
| Two $x$ minus three $y$ equals seven. | |
| $\displaystyle \sqrt[3]{x^2}=x^{\frac{2}{3}}$ |
The cube root of $x$ squared equals $x$ to the power two over three.
|
不等式 - inequality
- $>$ ：greater than, more than
- $<$ ：less than, smaller than
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$x>y$
|
$x$ is greater than $y$. |
| $x$ is more than $y$. | |
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$x+3>0$
|
$x$ plus three is greater than zero. |
| $x$ plus three is more than zero. | |
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$x<y$
|
$x$ is less than $y$. |
| $x$ is smaller than $y$. | |
| $x\geq y$ | $x$ is greater than or equal to $y$. |
| $x\leq y$ | $x$ is less than or equal to $y$. |
| $0<x<y$ | zero is less than $x$ which is less than $y$. |
| $0\leq x\leq y$ |
zero is less than or equal to $x$ which is less than or equal to $y$.
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